Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Outbreak in a Medical Ward in Spain: Epidemiology, Control Strategy, and Importance of Environmental Disinfection.

Introduction: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are a growing public health problem. We describe an outbreak by CRE and the measures to control it in a hospitalization unit in Spain. Methods: In June 2015, the system of prevention and control of CRE implemented in the hospital detected an increase in the incidence of patients with CRE in a mixed hospitalization facility (geriatrics, internal medicine, and pneumology), with the appearance of four related patients in 2 weeks, three of them being nosocomial cases. A multidisciplinary group was created and carried out: weekly screenings, general cleaning, four training sessions for personnel, two hand hygiene observation studies and environmental sampling. A higher incidence of new cases was detected in three adjoining rooms, in which environmental decontamination was performed with vaporized hydrogen peroxide. Results: In 5 months, a total of 18 cases were detected, 14 of them were nosocomial. Four different clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae OXA-48 were responsible for 83.3% of the cases. Adherence to hand hygiene increased from 36% to 85% after the training sessions. Seven percent of the environmental samples were positive for CRE in rooms with high incidence, moving to 0% after decontamination with hydrogen peroxide. Three patients died, one of them possibly associated with clinical infection due to CRE. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary information strategies, personnel training, and control of environmental reservoirs are effective to address outbreaks of CRE.

Mejora de los conocimientos sobre higiene de manos del personal sanitario tras un curso de formación del Hospital Universitario La Paz y sus percepciones sobre la higiene de manos / No disponible

OBJETIVOS: analizar el grado de conocimientos y las percepciones en higiene de manos de las personas involucradas en la asistencia sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio cuasiexperimental. Durante el período 2016-2017 se empleó una encuesta de conocimientos y de percepciones en una muestra de 2614 sujetos, seguida de formación, tras la que se repitió la encuesta de conocimientos. Se realizaron las pruebas: ji-cuadrado y Test-T sobre los resultados de las encuestas de conocimientos, pre y post curso. Además, se realizó una regresión logística multivariante donde la variable dependiente era las puntuaciones excelentes (14-15 puntos) y las independientes el sexo, la edad y las categorías profesionales de mayor participación en la muestra. RESULTADOS: la puntuación media de la encuesta de conocimientos pre y post formación fue de 11,9 y 12,7 (p < 0,001), respectivamente. Ser mujer, tener entre 10 y 18 años de experiencia profesional y pertenecer a la categoría profesional de enfermería, se asoció a una mayor probabilidad de obtener una puntuación excelente (OR = 1,8 95%; IC = 1,3-2,4). Predominaron las percepciones favorables y la falta de tiempo se identificó como la principal causa de incumplimiento. «Descripción de un brote polimicrobiano en una unidad de cuidados intensivos durante la ola pandémica de COVID-19 de marzo 2020». CONCLUSIONES: el nivel de conocimientos en higiene de manos fue alto y mejoró mediante una actividad formativa en todo el personal. La sobrecarga laboral es un escollo importante para un buen cumplimiento de la higiene de manos

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the degree of knowledge and perceptions in hand hygiene of the people involved in health care at Hospital Universitario La Paz. MATERIAL AND METHODS: quasi-experimental study. During the period 2016-2017 a survey of knowledge and perceptions was carried out in a sample of 2,614 subjects. This was followed by training, after which the knowledge survey was repeated. The tests were performed: chi-square and Test-T on the results of the survey of knowledge, before and after the course. In addition, a multivariate logistic regression was performed and the dependent variable was excellent scores (14-15 points) and the independent variables were sex, age and the professional categories with the highest participation in the sample. RESULTS: the mean score of the pre and post training knowledge survey was 11.9 and 12.7 (p < 0.001), respectively. Being a woman, having between 10 and 18 years of professional experience and belonging to the professional category of nursing, was associated with a greater probability of obtaining an excellent score (OR = 1.8, 95%; IC 1,3-2,4). Favorable perceptions predominated and lack of time was identified as the main cause of noncompliance. CONCLUSIONS: the level of knowledge in hand hygiene was high and improved through a training activity for all staff. Work overload is a major stumbling block for good hand hygiene compliance

Evolución de la incidencia de pacientes con colonización e infección por bacterias productoras de carbapenemasas VIM en un hospital pediátrico en España / Evolution of the incidence of colonized and infected patients by VIM carbapenemase-producing bacteria in a pediatric hospital in Spain

Introducción: El objetivo del estudio es describir la evolución de la incidencia de infecciones y colonizaciones por bacterias productoras de carbapenemasas de tipo VIM (BPC-VIM) en pacientes ingresados en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel en Madrid entre 2012 y 2015. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de vigilancia epidemiológica. El sistema de vigilancia incluyó detección de casos (cribado de colonización por BPC de todos los pacientes ingresados con periodicidad variable según unidad de ingreso) y medidas de control (precauciones de contacto, identificación al ingreso de pacientes colonizados previamente, limpieza, formación, observación de adherencia a precauciones de contacto, cohortes). Se incluyeron los pacientes ingresados con primera muestra microbiológica positiva para BPC-VIM entre 2012 y 2015. Se realizó seguimiento de pacientes con colonización para detectar infección a través de historia clínica. Resultados: Se detectaron 239 pacientes con colonización y 51 con infección por BPC-VIM (49,3% mujeres, 47,6% edad igual o menor a 5 meses, 52,1% ingresado en UCI). Las incidencias de infección y de colonización fueron, respectivamente, 2,6 y 6,7 casos por mil pacientes ingresados en 2012, 1,8 y 10,0 en 2014 y 0,3 y 5,0 en 2015. El 84,4% compartía unidad con paciente con muestra previa positiva. El 13,0% (31/239) de pacientes colonizados tuvieron infección posterior. Conclusiones: La incidencia de pacientes pediátricos colonizados o infectados por BPC-VIM ha sido variable entre 2012 y 2015, con una clara disminución tras un periodo epidémico. La intensificación de las medidas de vigilancia y control de la transmisión y la coordinación entre los servicios fueron claves en la reducción de casos afectados

Introduction: The aim of this study is to describe the evolution of the incidence of infected and colonized patients with carbapenemase VIM-producing bacteria (CPB-VIM) at a national referral pediatric center in Madrid, Spain, between 2012 and 2015. Material and methods: Descriptive epidemiological surveillance study. The surveillance system included case detection (screening for BPC colonization in all admitted patients, with periodicity according to the ward) and control measures (contact precautions, identification of previously colonized patients at admission, environmental cleaning, education, supervision of contact precautions, and patient cohort). All hospitalized patients with first positive microbiological sample for CPB-VIM in 2012-2015 were included. Colonized patients were followed through clinical history to evaluate later infection. Results: We found 239 colonized and 51 infected patients with CPB-VIM (49.3% women, 47.6% were 5 months old or younger, 52.1% admitted at Intensive Care Unit). Infection and colonization incidence were, respectively, 2.6 and 6.7 cases per one thousand hospitalized patients in 2012, 1.8 and 10.0 in 2014 and 0.3 and 5.0 in 2015. Within these patients, 84.4% shared ward with other patient with previous positive sample. 13.0% (31/239) of colonized patients had a subsequent infection. Conclusions: We have shown data of pediatric patients affected by BPC-VIM, collected from an epidemiological surveillance system that included systematic screening at a national referral center. After an epidemic period, the incidence of cases went down. The surveillance and infection control measures intensification, as well as coordination with involved departments, were key in the handling of the situation

Effect of vaccination, comorbidities and age on mortality and severe disease associated with influenza during the season 2016-2017 in a Spanish tertiary hospital.

BACKGROUND: Identifying risk factors for complications or death associated with influenza remains crucial to target preventive interventions. Scores like the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) may be of help. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of vaccination and comorbidities on severe influenza disease and influenza-related death among hospitalized patients during the season 2016/17; and to evaluate the validity of the CCI to predict death among these patients. METHODS: Data from adult patients (≥18 years old) with influenza infection admitted to La Paz University Hospital (LPUH) were recorded during the 2016/17 epidemic. The effect of influenza vaccine to prevent severe influenza or death was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models. The area under the curve of the CCI and the age-adjusted CCI were compared to assess the predictive effect on mortality. RESULTS: A total of 342 adult patients with influenza infection were admitted, of which 83 developed severe influenza and 25 died during hospitalization. There were no differences between patients who survived and those who died concerning the CCI, but the age-adjusted CCI was higher in fatal cases (p-value=0.005). Influenza vaccine had no statistically significant effect on the risk of mortality (p-value=0.162) while age (OR: 1.12, p-value<0.001) and dementia (OR: 3.05, p-value=0.016) proved to be independent predictors for mortality. The seasonal vaccine was found to be protective for severe infection (OR: 0.54, p-value=0.019). The age-adjusted CCI was a better predictor of mortality than the crude CCI. CONCLUSIONS: Age and dementia are significant independent risk factors for mortality associated with influenza among hospitalized patients. The age-adjusted CCI seems to be a better predictor of mortality than the crude CCI. Influenza vaccine has shown to be effective in preventing severe influenza in the season 2016/17 among hospitalized patients and should be promoted in population at risk.

Serratia marcescens outbreak in a neonatology unit of a Spanish tertiary hospital: Risk factors and control measures.

BACKGROUND: We describe the investigation undertaken and the measures adopted to control a Serratia marcescens outbreak in the neonatology unit of La Paz University Hospital in Madrid, Spain. METHODS: Weekly rectal and pharyngeal screenings for S marcescens were performed in the neonates starting after detection of the outbreak. Environmental samples and samples from health care workers (HCWs) were obtained for microbiological analysis. An unmatched case-control study was carried out to investigate risk factors for infection/colonization. RESULTS: The outbreak began in June 2016 and ended in March 2017, affecting a total of 59 neonates. Twenty-five (42.37%) neonates sustained an infection, most frequently conjunctivitis and sepsis. Multivariate logistic regression identified the following risk factors: parenteral nutrition (odds ratio [OR], 103.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.9-894.8), history of previous radiography (OR, 15.3; 95% CI, 2.4-95.6), and prematurity (OR, 5.65; 95% CI, 1.5-21.8). Various measures were adopted to control the outbreak, such as strict contact precautions, daily multidisciplinary team meetings, cohorting, allocation of dedicated staff, unit disinfection, and partial closure. Hands of HCWs were the main suspected mechanism of transmission, based on the inconclusive results of the environmental investigation and the high number of HCWs and procedures performed in the unit. CONCLUSIONS: S marcescens spreads easily in neonatology units, mainly in neonatal intensive care units, and is often difficult to control, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Strict measures, including cohorting and medical attention by exclusive staff, are often needed to get these outbreaks under control.

Implantación de un sistema de vigilancia de infección de la herida quirúrgica al alta en herniorrafia y mastectomía / Implementation of a post-discharge surgical site infection system in herniorrhaphy and mastectomy procedures

INTRODUCCIÓN: La vigilancia tradicional de la infección de localización quirúrgica (ILQ) que se realiza durante el ingreso hospitalario puede infraestimar su incidencia, al ser cada vez más corta la estancia hospitalaria. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer las tasas reales de ILQ prolongando la vigilancia después del alta. MÉTODOS: Se incluyó a todos los pacientes sometidos a los procedimientos de herniorrafia y mastectomía en el Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2011. Los datos de ILQ se recogieron prospectivamente según el sistema de vigilancia de infección nosocomial de Indicadores Clínicos de Mejora Continua de la Calidad (INCLIMECC). La vigilancia postalta (VPA) se realizó mediante encuesta telefónica. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 409pacientes en el estudio: 299herniorrafias y 110mastectomías. En herniorrafia la tasa de infección antes del alta era del 6,02%, incrementándose tras VPA al 7,69%. En mastectomía la tasa de infección antes del alta era del 1,8%, incrementándose tras VPA al 3,6%. Del total de infecciones se detectaron tras VPA el 50% en mastectomía y el 21,7% en herniorrafia. CONCLUSIONES: La VPA incrementó la incidencia de ILQ en los procedimientos estudiados; La VPA es útil para analizar la tendencia real de ILQ y evaluar posibles acciones de mejora. Es necesario estandarizar los protocolos de VPA

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring surgical site infection (SSI) performed during hospitalization can underestimate its rates due to the shortening in hospital stay. The aim of this study was to determine the actual rates of SSI using a post-discharge monitoring system. METHODS: All patients who underwent herniorraphy or mastectomy in the Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 were included. SSI data were collected prospectively according to the continuous quality improvement indicators (Indicadores Clinicos de Mejora Continua de la Calidad [INCLIMECC]) monitoring system. Post-discharge follow-up was conducted by telephone survey. RESULTS: A total of 409 patients were included in the study, of whom 299 underwent a herniorraphy procedure, and 110 underwent a mastectomy procedure. For herniorrhaphy, the SSI rate increased from 6.02% to 7.6% (the post-discharge survey detected 21.7% of SSI). For mastectomy, the SSI rate increased from 1.8% to 3.6% (the post-discharge survey detected 50% of SSI). CONCLUSIONS: Post-discharge monitoring showed an increased detection of SSI incidence. Post-discharge monitoring is useful to analyze the real trend of SSI, and evaluate improvement actions. Post-discharge follow-up methods need to standardised

Surgical wound infection rates in Spain: data summary, January 1997 through June 2012.

BACKGROUND: The Indicadores Clínicos de Mejora Continua de la Calidad (INCLIMECC) program was established in Spain in 1997. METHODS: INCLIMECC is a prospective system of health care-associated infection (HAI) surveillance that collects incidence data in surgical and intensive care unit patients. The protocol is based on the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) surveillance system, formerly known as the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) system, and uses standard infection definitions from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Each hospital takes part voluntarily and selects the units and surgical procedures to be surveyed. RESULTS: This report is a summary of the data collected between January 1997 and June 2012. A total of 370,015 patients were included, and the overall incidence of surgical wound infection (SWI) was 4.51%. SWI rates are provided by NHSN operating procedure category and NNIS risk index category. More than 27% of the patients received inadequate antibiotic prophylaxis, the main reason being unsuitable duration (57.05% of cases). CONCLUSIONS: Today, the INCLIMECC network includes 64 Spanish hospitals. We believe that an HAI surveillance system with trained personnel external to the surveyed unit is a key component not only in infection control and prevention, but also in a quality improvement system.

[Implementation of a post-discharge surgical site infection system in herniorrhaphy and mastectomy procedures]. / Implantación de un sistema de vigilancia de infección de la herida quirúrgica al alta en herniorrafia y mastectomía.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring surgical site infection (SSI) performed during hospitalization can underestimate its rates due to the shortening in hospital stay. The aim of this study was to determine the actual rates of SSI using a post-discharge monitoring system. METHODS: All patients who underwent herniorraphy or mastectomy in the Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 were included. SSI data were collected prospectively according to the continuous quality improvement indicators (Indicadores Clinicos de Mejora Continua de la Calidad [INCLIMECC]) monitoring system. Post-discharge follow-up was conducted by telephone survey. RESULTS: A total of 409patients were included in the study, of whom 299 underwent a herniorraphy procedure, and 110 underwent a mastectomy procedure. For herniorrhaphy, the SSI rate increased from 6.02% to 7.6% (the post-discharge survey detected 21.7% of SSI). For mastectomy, the SSI rate increased from 1.8% to 3.6% (the post-discharge survey detected 50% of SSI). CONCLUSIONS: Post-discharge monitoring showed an increased detection of SSI incidence. Post-discharge monitoring is useful to analyze the real trend of SSI, and evaluate improvement actions. Post-discharge follow-up methods need to standardised.

Tendencia de la prevalencia de bacilos gramnegativos productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en un hospital universitario de Madrid / Trends in the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacilli in a teaching hospital in Madrid, Spain

Fundamento y objetivo: La prevalencia de infección/colonización por bacilos gramnegativos productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BGN-BLEE) ha aumentado en los últimos años. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar la prevalencia de infección/colonización de estos microorganismos por cada 100 ingresos hospitalarios y analizar su tendencia a lo largo del período 2007-2010. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo de todos los pacientes con infección y/o colonización por BGN-BLEE ingresados entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2010 en el Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Para el cálculo de la prevalencia de infección/colonización por BGN-BLEE se siguieron las recomendaciones de la guía de indicadores de microorganismos multirresistentes de The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America y el Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committe. El análisis de la tendencia se realizó mediante regresión de Poisson, con el programa Joinpoint Regression 3.4.3 del U.S. National Institutes of Health. Resultados: A lo largo del período de estudio se observó una tendencia ascendente de la prevalencia para el conjunto de BGN-BLEE. El análisis de la tendencia con regresión de Poisson identificó un punto de inflexión significativo en el mes de agosto de 2009 (p = 0,014) (AU)

Background and objective: The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing gram-negative bacilli has increased in recent years. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of infection/colonization due to theses microorganisms per 100 admissions and its trend during the period 2007-2010. Patients and methods: Prospective observational study of all patients admitted from January 2007 to December 2010 infected or colonized with ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli at Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. The prevalence of infection/colonization of ESBL-producing gram-negative rods was calculated according to the recommendations for metrics for multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. To analyse trends, Poisson regression was used (Joinpoint Regression Program Version 3.4.3, U.S. National Institutes of Health). Results: Through the study period there was an upward trend of prevalence of all the ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli. The Poisson trend analysis indentified a significant inflection point in August 2009 (p = 0.014). Conclusion: The inflection point in the prevalence of the ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli trend can be explained by a slowdown in the prevalence of some microorganisms such as ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumonia (AU)

[Trends in the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacilli in a teaching hospital in Madrid, Spain]. / Tendencia de la prevalencia de bacilos gramnegativos productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en un hospital universitario de Madrid.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The pprevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing gram-negative bacilli has increased in recent years. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of infection/colonization due to theses microorganisms per 100 admissions and its trend during the period 2007-2010. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective observational study of all patients admitted from January 2007 to December 2010 infected or colonized with ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli at Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. The prevalence of infection/colonization of ESBL-producing gram-negative rods was calculated according to the recommendations for metrics for multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. To analyse trends, Poisson regression was used (Joinpoint Regression Program Version 3.4.3, U.S. National Institutes of Health). RESULTS: Through the study period there was an upward trend of prevalence of all the ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli. The Poisson trend analysis indentified a significant inflection point in August 2009 (p=0.014). CONCLUSION: The inflection point in the prevalence of the ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli trend can be explained by a slowdown in the prevalence of some microorganisms such as ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Preparación prequirúrgica, profilaxis antibiótica y vigilancia de infección de herida quirúrgica en cirugía de mama / Preoperative preparation, antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical wound infection in breast surgery

Introducción El impacto de la infección de herida quirúrgica (IHQ) en salud pública justifica su vigilancia y prevención. Nuestros objetivos fueron estimar la incidencia de IHQ en cirugía de mama y evaluar sus protocolos de profilaxis antibiótica y preparación prequirúrgica. Métodos Estudio de cohortes prospectivo multicéntrico de incidencia de IHQ. Se evaluó la incidencia de IHQ, se estratificó por índice de riesgo NNIS y se calculó la razón estandarizada de incidencia (REI). La REI se comparó con las tasas nacionales y americanas. Se evaluó el cumplimiento y adhesión del protocolo de profilaxis antibiótica y de preparación prequirúrgica y su influencia en la IHQ con el riesgo relativo. Resultados Se estudiaron 592 intervenciones de mama procedentes de 10 hospitales de la Comunidad de Madrid. La incidencia de IHQ acumulada fue de 3,89% (IC 95%: 2,3-5,5). La REI fue de 1,82 sobre la tasa nacional y de 2,16 sobre la americana. Se administraron el 97,81% de las profilaxis antibióticas indicadas con una adhesión global al protocolo del 75%. La preparación prequirúrgica fue correcta en el 53,8%. No se encontró asociación de la infección con la adhesión a la profilaxis antibiótica ni con el cumplimiento de la preparación prequirúgica (p>0,05). Conclusión Nuestra incidencia ha sido algo superior a la de los programas nacionales de vigilancia. Hay que mejorar la adhesión de la profilaxis antibiótica y el registro de los datos de preparación prequirúrgica (AU)

Introduction: The impact of surgical wound infection on public health justifies its surveillance and prevention. Our objectives were to estimate the incidence of surgical wound infection in breast procedures and assess its protocol of antibiotic prophylaxis and preoperative preparation. Methods: Observational multicentre prospective cohort study of incidence of surgical wound infection. Incidence was evaluated, stratified by National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) risk index and we calculated the standardized incidence ratio (SIR). The SIR was compared with Spanish rates andU.S. rates. The compliance and performance of the antibiotic prophylaxis and preoperative preparation protocol were assessed and their influence in the incidence of infection with the relative risk. Results: Ten hospitals from the Comunidad de Madrid were included, providing 592 procedures. The cumulative incidence of surgical wound infection was 3.89% (95% CI: 2.3-5.5). The SIR was 1.82 on the Spanish rate and 2.16 on the American. Antibiotic prophylaxis was applied in 97.81% of cases, when indicated. The overall performance of antibiotic prophylaxis was 75%, and 53% for preoperative preparation. No association was found between infection and performance of prophylaxis or preoperative preparation (P > .05). Conclusion: Our incidence is with in those seen in the literature although it is some what higher than the national surveillance programs. The performance of prophylaxis antibiotic must be improved, as well as the recording of preoperative preparation data (AU)

Evaluación de la infección de herida quirúrgica en 14 hospitales de la Comunidad de Madrid: estudio de incidencia / Assessment of the surgical site infection in 14 hospitals of the Madrid Region: an incidence study

Introducción y objetivos: Las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria son una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad entre los pacientes. Una de las más frecuentes es la infección de localización quirúrgica (ILQ). Los objetivos del estudio eran conocer las tasas de ILQ y valorar la aplicación de los protocolos de preparación prequirúrgica y profilaxis antibiótica preoperatoria establecidos en 14 hospitales públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo observacional multicéntrico que incluye a todos los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente en los servicios sometidos a vigilancia e ingresados durante más de 48 h, entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2009. Fueron vigilados desde el ingreso hasta el alta. Resultados: La ILQ fue la infección nosocomial más frecuente (superficial = 1,7%, profunda = 2%; órgano espacio= 1,7%). Se muestran las tasas de ILQ por procedimiento quirúrgico e índice de riesgo National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System, así como otros indicadores de calidad, como estancia hospitalaria,profilaxis antibiótica, mortalidad, reingresos por infección o complicación y tasa de reintervenciones quirúrgicas. Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio multicéntrico no sólo pueden servir como referenciaa otros hospitales públicos, sino que también son comparables con otros sistemas de vigilancia internacionales. La vigilancia y el control de las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria deben ser un aspecto clave en los programas de calidad asistencial y seguridad del paciente (AU)

Background and objectives: Health care-associated infections (HAIs) occur frequently in hospitals and have severe consequences, with surgical site infection (SSI) being one of the most commonly reported. The aim of this study was to determine SSI rates and to assess the application of presurgical preparation and antimicrobial prophylaxis protocols in 14 public hospitals of the region of Madrid. Material and methods: Multi-centre prospective surveillance study. All patients who underwent a surgical procedure from January 1 2009, to December 31, 2009 with a hospital stay of more than 48 hours, were monitored from the time of surgery until hospital discharge. Results: SSI was the most frequent HAI (superficial incisional SSI = 1.7%; deep incisional SSI = 2%; organ space SSI = 1.7%). SSI rates are provided by operative procedure and NNIS risk index category. Further quality indicators reported are surgical complications, length of stay, antimicrobial prophylaxis, mortality, readmission due to infection or other complications and revision surgery. Conclusions: The results obtained in this multicentre study can be used as a reference for other public hospitals, and allow comparisons with other international surveillance systems. Surveillance and control of HAIs must be a key aspect in patient safety and quality healthcare programs (AU)

[Preoperative preparation, antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical wound infection in breast surgery]. / Preparación prequirúrgica, profilaxis antibiótica y vigilancia de infección de herida quirúrgica en cirugía de mama.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of surgical wound infection on public health justifies its surveillance and prevention. Our objectives were to estimate the incidence of surgical wound infection in breast procedures and assess its protocol of antibiotic prophylaxis and preoperative preparation. METHODS: Observational multicentre prospective cohort study of incidence of surgical wound infection. Incidence was evaluated, stratified by National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) risk index and we calculated the standardized incidence ratio (SIR). The SIR was compared with Spanish rates and U.S. rates. The compliance and performance of the antibiotic prophylaxis and preoperative preparation protocol were assessed and their influence in the incidence of infection with the relative risk. RESULTS: Ten hospitals from the Comunidad de Madrid were included, providing 592 procedures. The cumulative incidence of surgical wound infection was 3.89% (95% CI: 2.3-5.5). The SIR was 1.82 on the Spanish rate and 2.16 on the American. Antibiotic prophylaxis was applied in 97.81% of cases, when indicated. The overall performance of antibiotic prophylaxis was 75%, and 53% for preoperative preparation. No association was found between infection and performance of prophylaxis or preoperative preparation (P>.05). CONCLUSION: Our incidence is within those seen in the literature although it is somewhat higher than the national surveillance programs. The performance of prophylaxis antibiotic must be improved, as well as the recording of preoperative preparation data.

[Assessment of the surgical site infection in 14 hospitals of the Madrid Region: an incidence study]. / Evaluación de la infección de herida quirúrgica en 14 hospitales de la Comunidad de Madrid: estudio de incidencia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Health care-associated infections (HAIs) occur frequently in hospitals and have severe consequences, with surgical site infection (SSI) being one of the most commonly reported. The aim of this study was to determine SSI rates and to asses the application of presurgical preparation and antimicrobial prophylaxis protocols in 14 public hospitals of the region of Madrid. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Multi-centre prospective surveillance study. All patients who underwent a surgical procedure from January 1 2009, to December 31, 2009 with a hospital stay of more than 48 hours, were monitored from the time of surgery until hospital discharge. RESULTS: SSI was the most frequent HAI (superficial incisional SSI=1.7%; deep incisional SSI=2%; organ-space SSI=1.7%). SSI rates are provided by operative procedure and NNIS risk index category. Further quality indicators reported are surgical complications, length of stay, antimicrobial prophylaxis, mortality, readmission due to infection or other complications and revision surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this multicentre study can be used as a reference for other public hospitals, and allow comparisons with other international surveillance systems. Surveillance and control of HAIs must be a key aspect in patient safety and quality healthcare programs.